Developer Guides
100 articlesIn-depth tutorials and best practices for the technologies behind your favorite developer tools — hashing and password storage, image and PDF internals, HTTP and DNS, regular expressions, and the browser APIs the tools are built on.
Written and edited by Necmeddin Cunedioglu. Every article is original to this site, carries a publish date, and is corrected in place when something changes — see the editorial policy.
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Comprehensive Guides
Core Web Vitals in 2026: The Complete INP, LCP, and CLS Optimization Playbook
A practical guide to Core Web Vitals now that INP replaced FID: what LCP, INP, and CLS measure, the thresholds that matter, and how to pass each one.
Generative Engine Optimization (GEO): How to Get Cited by AI Search in 2026
A practical guide to Generative Engine Optimization: how ChatGPT, Google AI Overviews, and Perplexity pick and cite sources — and how to earn the citation.
Prompt Engineering for Developers: Patterns That Actually Work in 2026
A no-hype guide to prompt engineering for real LLM apps: roles, few-shot, chain-of-thought, structured output, RAG, and evaluation patterns that work.
PDF vs DOCX: Structural Document Formats Comparison
PDF vs DOCX architecture: fixed-layout coordinate systems vs reflowable XML text nodes, plus font embedding — and what each format is really for.
Developer Generators: The Tools That Save You Hours Every Week
The generators every developer needs — UUIDs, passwords, QR codes, favicons, meta tags, robots.txt, and .gitignore — and when, why, and how to use each.
The Complete Guide to Browser-Based Image Editing
Image processing in the browser: Canvas drawImage(), resampling algorithms, format conversion, EXIF extraction, local PDF generation — plus WebAssembly, Web Workers, why local beats the cloud on latency, and how to verify a tool is really client-side.
Time & Date in Programming: The Complete Developer Guide
A developer's guide to handling time: the Unix epoch and Year 2038, IANA timezones and DST, JavaScript Date traps, ISO 8601, cron scheduling, TIMESTAMPTZ vs DATETIME, forcing TZ=UTC, and a pre-deploy checklist.
HTTP Status Codes: The Complete Guide for Developers
A complete guide to HTTP status codes: 401 vs 403, the SEO impact of 301 vs 302, 409 for optimistic locking, and how to monitor 5xx errors properly.
CSS Color Systems: A Complete Guide for Developers
Master CSS color formats — HEX, RGB, HSL, and Color Level 4: when to use each, how to build consistent palettes, and what perceptual uniformity means.
Web Security: Encoding and Hashing Guide
Encoding vs hashing vs encryption: when to use Base64, SHA-256, bcrypt, AES-256-GCM and HTML entity encoding — with decision trees, the Kubernetes Secrets and JWT misconceptions, and working replacement code.
Regular Expressions: The Complete Guide
The complete regex reference: syntax, quantifiers, anchors, groups and lookarounds, NFA backtracking and ReDoS, per-language gotchas in JS/Python/Java, plus tested patterns for email, URLs, IPs and dates.
JSON: The Complete Developer Guide
Everything about JSON: syntax and the six types, reviver/replacer, V8 parsing internals, BigInt precision loss, streaming large payloads, JSON Schema validation with Ajv, JSONPath querying, and REST API practice.
AI Tools
View allNeural Machine Translation: How AI Translators Work
How machine translation evolved from rules-based engines to Neural Machine Translation and Transformer models that break down language barriers.
Object Detection Algorithms: From Haar Cascades to YOLO
A deep dive into object detection: how AI moved from slow sliding-window classifiers to the fast YOLO (You Only Look Once) architecture.
Text Classification using Machine Learning and NLP
A guide to AI text classification: how models sort text from simple Naive Bayes to BERT-based NLP pipelines for sentiment analysis and spam detection.
The Ultimate Guide to AI Image Upscaling in Your Browser
How AI super-resolution works locally in your browser: the Swin2SR model, traditional vs AI resizing, privacy advantages, and practical upscaling tips.
Why Browser-Based AI is the Ultimate Privacy Solution
The shift from cloud APIs to local, browser-based AI with WebAssembly and WebGPU — and why running models locally is the most private way to process data.
Named Entity Recognition (NER) in NLP Explained
A guide to Named Entity Recognition: how AI extracts names, locations, and organizations from text using BERT, CRFs, and transformer architectures.
Network & API
View allWeb Security
View allSecurity & Cryptography
View allImage Processing
View allHEIC vs JPG vs PNG vs WebP: Which Image Format Should You Use?
HEIC vs JPG vs PNG vs WebP: how HEVC and AV1 compress, lossless alpha, generational JPEG degradation, and a decision tree for choosing a web format.
EXIF Data and Privacy: What Your Photos Reveal About You
A privacy guide to EXIF metadata: how GPS coordinates are stored, what device fingerprints photos carry, the orientation tag, and stripping data in Node.js.
Encoding
View allText Processing
View allWeb Performance
View allTime & Date
View allCSS & Design
View allColor & CSS
View allDeveloper Tools
View allDNS Records Explained: What Every Developer Should Know
A practical guide to DNS records: A and AAAA resolution, the CNAME apex constraint, SPF/DKIM/DMARC email authentication, TTL strategy, and DNSSEC.
cURL for Developers: The Commands You'll Use Every Day
An engineering guide to cURL: OAuth authentication, multipart binary uploads, TLS handshake debugging, latency profiling, and HTTP header patterns.
Environment Variables and Config Management: A Developer's Guide
A practical guide to environment variables: the 12-Factor App approach, Zod schema validation, Docker ARG vs ENV security, and managing production secrets.